Muhammad Abduh Read online

  of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 38–41

  of Muhammad Abduh 36, 38–41, 61–3, 113–14

  renaissance, Egyptian 22, 117, 124

  Renan, Ernest 36–9

  representative government, see constitutional government; liberty

  resignation of Muhammad Abduh 111–12

  revelation; see also prophecy; Quran

  Afghani on 9–10

  Azhari views on 13, 99–100

  Muhammad Abduh on 11, 13, 48–9, 65, 67, 69, 99

  revolution 17, 19, 21, 23, 116, 127

  Rifaa Bey 29

  Risalat al-tawhid 63–70

  Risalat al-waridat 11–12

  Russia 58, 90

  see also Nihilism

  Saad al-Din al-Taftazani 13

  Saad al-Din Humada 60

  Saad Zaghlul

  as a young man 10–11, 20, 30, 46

  in middle age 91–2, 114, 122

  later career of 50, 115–16, 123

  Sadra, Mulla 11

  Safiya Fahmi 91

  Salafism 35, 66–7, 126

  salat, see prayer

  Salim al-Naqqash 22, 24

  Salim Anhuri 22

  Scandinavia 19

  scholars

  Islamic, see ulema

  Western, see philosophy; science

  scholarship, see education

  school for Sharia Court judges 79–80, 115, 123

  school in Tanta 2–5

  School of Languages, Khedival 15

  Schopenhauer, Arthur 74

  science 37, 86–7, 91; see also Darwin; evolution; nature; progress; reason

  teaching of 60, 64, 92

  Semitic, see Arabic language; race

  Sharia 38, 52–3, 64, 80, 88–9, 95, 96–7, 99, 118; see also revelation

  codification 79–80

  Courts 72–3, 75, 77–8, 79–80, 112, 115; see also Court of Appeal, Sharia

  judges 79, 112; see also school for Sharia Court judges

  Shi’ism 8–9, 41

  possible influence on Muhammad Abduh 11–13, 49, 60, 68

  shoes, worn while praying 101, 114

  slavery 46–7

  social utility of religion 39–40, 65

  Society for the Revival of Arabic Books 92

  South Africa 97–9

  Spencer, Herbert 92–3

  spy, British 108

  Stone Pasha, General Charles 24

  Sudan 45–6, 112, 121

  Sufism 2, 4, 35, 45; see also mysticism; Neo-Sufism

  criticism of by Muhammad Abduh 30, 86, 87–8, 100, 111

  criticism of by Rashid Rida 123

  possible influence on Muhammad Abduh 12–13

  practiced by Muhammad Abduh 5, 7–8; see also Madaniyya

  Sulayman Abaza Pasha 20

  Sultaniyya 60–1, 64

  supporters of Muhammad Abduh 105–6, 109, 111, 112, 120–1

  tafsir 3, 55, 68, 85–6, 88, 96, 100

  see also Azhar lectures; Tafsir al-Manar

  Tafsir al-Manar 85, 121, 123

  Taha Husayn 104, 124

  Taksin Pasha 9–10

  Talaat Harb, see Muhammad Talaat Harb

  talfiq 80–1, 90, 119

  Taliqat ala sharh al-Dawani, Al- 12

  Tanta 2–5, 29

  Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyya 122–3

  taqlid 4, 13, 35, 66, 81, 85, 100, 118–20, 123

  Tawfiq, Khedive 20, 25–7, 31, 34, 72, 74

  Taylor, Isaac 61–3

  terrorism 23, 26, 58

  Thasos 108

  theocracy 16–17

  theological disputes 66, 100

  Theosophy 46, 62

  Tijara, Al- 22, 23, 27, 102

  Tocqueville, Alexis de 17

  Transvaal fatwa 97–9

  Treasury Council 83

  Tunis 57

  Turk, see Ottoman

  tyranny 34, 50, 51, 66

  see also autocracy; liberty

  ulema 5, 66, 90–1, 99, 119–20; see also Azhar; Ottoman Islam; Sharia Courts; Tanta

  attacked by Muhammad Abduh 54, 64, 103; see also freedom of thought; taqlid

  Umar al-Nasafi 13

  Umma Party 116

  United Grand Lodge of England 20, 24

  Urabi Revolt, see Ahmad Urabi

  Urwa al-wuthqa, Al- (group) 44, 57

  Urwa al-wuthqa, Al- (newspaper) 44–5, 49–55, 88

  usul al-fiqh 3, 54–5, 66, 68

  see also methodology

  usury, see interest

  Uthman Amin 75, 124

  utilitarianism 23, 35, 93, 96–7

  see also utility of religion

  utility of religion 39–40, 65

  Victoria, Queen 62–3

  violence 67, 93 see also jihad

  Wafd Party 116

  Wahhabism 119–20, 126

  Waqa’i al-misriyya, Al- 29–31, 32, 86

  Watan, Al- 105, 111

  wives of Muhammad Abduh 42, 59–60

  Yaqub Sannua 21, 43

  Zahir, Al- 105, 110, 111